Study of Sustainable Solution to Rehabilitate and Conserve The Water System of The Upcycle Park River in Bandar Perda, Penang

Abstract

Urban rivers in developing areas are increasingly exposed to pollution from stormwater runoff, wastewater discharge, and human activities, posing risks to ecological health and public safety. The Upcycle Park River at Seberang Perai Upcycle Park, Malaysia’s first upcycle park, serves as a community-driven sustainability initiative but suffers water quality deterioration. This study assessed seasonal variations in water quality from September to November 2024 using in-situ measurements for pH, temperature, and dissolved oxygen, and laboratory analyses for suspended solids, BOD, COD, and nutrients. Water quality was evaluated using the DOE Water Quality Index (WQI) and compared to NLWQS Category D standards. Results indicate polluted conditions (Class III–IV), with dry season DO as low as 0.45 mg/L, ammoniacal nitrogen up to 2.41 mg/L, and total phosphorus reaching 52.1 mg/L, reflecting stagnation and oxygen stress. Wet season runoff elevated turbidity (up to 94 NTU), suspended solids (130 mg/L), nutrients (NH₃-N <26.01 mg/L, TP <27.6 mg/L), and selected heavy metals (Hg 0.024 mg/L, Ni 0.171 mg/L), showing impacts from stormwater and urban discharge. Integrated management strategies including wastewater control, stormwater mitigation, and nature-based solutions are recommended to restore ecological health and ensure sustainable water quality.